1 enervate v
to make you feel tired and weak:
The hot sun enervated her to the point of collapse.
—enervated adj [not before noun]
David felt too enervated to resist.
—enervating adj

2 engender v เป็นบ่อเหตุ
to be the cause of a situation or feeling:
the changes in society engendered by the war
engender something in somebody
relationships that engender trust in children

3 ephemeral adj
existing or popular for only a short time:
Fashion is by nature ephemeral.

4 equanimity n
calmness in the way that you react to things, which means that you do not become upset or annoyed:
He received the news with surprising equanimity.

5 equivocate v
to avoid giving a clear or direct answer to a question
—equivocation n

6 erudite adj
showing a lot of knowledge based on careful study [= learned]
—eruditely adv
—erudition n

7 esoteric adj
known and understood by only a few people who have special knowledge about something:
the esoteric world of scientific supercomputing
—esoterically adv

8 eulogy n literature / death
a speech or piece of writing in which you praise someone or something very much, especially at a funeral:
The minister delivered a long eulogy.

9 euphemism n
a polite word or expression that you use instead of a more direct one to avoid shocking or upsetting someone:
'Pass away' is a euphemism for 'die'.

10 exacerbate v มันแย่อยู่แล้วก็ทำให้แย่กว่าเก่า
to make a bad situation worse:
The recession has exacerbated this problem.
I don't want to exacerbate the situation.
—exacerbation n

11 exculpate v LAW
to prove that someone is not guilty of something

1 ebullient adj
very happy and excited:
My father is a naturally ebullient personality.
—ebullience n

2 eclectic adj
including a mixture of many different things or people, especially so that you can use the best of all of them:
galleries with an eclectic range of styles and artists
an eclectic mixture of 18th and 19th century furniture
—eclectically adv
—eclecticism n

3 efficacy n
the ability of something to produce the right result [= effectiveness]

4 effrontery n ประมาณหน้าด้านไม่อายกล้าทำเนอะ
rude behaviour that shocks you because it is so confident

have the effrontery to do something
She had the effrontery to ask me for more money.

5 elegy n
a sad poem or song, especially about someone who has died [↪ eulogy]

6 elicit v
to succeed in getting information or a reaction from someone, especially when this is difficult:
When her knock elicited no response, she opened the door and peeped in.
elicit something from somebody
The test uses pictures to elicit words from the child.
—elicitation n

7 embellish v
1 to make something more beautiful by adding decorations to it
embellish something with something
The dress was embellished with gold threads.

2 to make a story or statement more interesting by adding details that are not true:
She gave an embellished account of what had happened.
—embellishment n

8 empirical adj
based on scientific testing or practical experience, not on ideas [≠ theoretical, hypothetical]:
empirical evidence
—empirically adv

9 emulate v
to do something or behave in the same way as someone else, especially because you admire them [= imitate]:
He hoped to emulate the success of Wilder.

10 endemic adj
an endemic disease or problem is always present in a particular place, or among a particular group of people [↪ epidemic, pandemic]:
Violent crime is now endemic in parts of Chicago.

1 disparate adj
consisting of things or people that are very different and not related to each other:
a meeting covering many disparate subjects
the difficulties of dealing with disparate groups of people

2 dissemble Vt & Vi
to hide your true feelings, thoughts etc

3 disseminate V
to spread information or ideas to as many people as possible:
Her findings have been widely disseminated.

4 dissolution n LAW
1 the act of formally ending a parliament, business, or marriage [↪ dissolve]:
The president announced the dissolution of the National Assembly.

2 the act of breaking up an organization, institution etc so that it no longer exists:
the dissolution of the monasteries

3 the process by which something gradually becomes weaker and disappears:
the eventual dissolution of class barriers

5 dissonance n MuSIC
1 technical a combination of notes that sound strange because they are not in harmony [≠ consonance]

2 formal lack of agreement

—dissonant adj

6 distend v
to swell or make something swell because of pressure from inside

distended adj:
a distended stomach

—distension n

7 distill v
1 to make a liquid such as water or alcohol more pure by heating it so that it becomes a gas and then letting it cool. Drinks such as whisky are made this way:
distilled water

8 doctrinaire adj
certain that your beliefs or opinions are correct and unwilling to change them:
The party followed an increasingly doctrinaire course.

9 dogmatic adj
someone who is dogmatic is completely certain of their beliefs and expects other people to accept them without arguing:
Her staff find her bossy and dogmatic

10 dupe v
to trick or deceive someone

dupe somebody into doing something
Consumers are being duped into buying faulty electronic goods.

1 discerning adj
showing the ability to make good judgments, especially about art, music, style etc [= discriminating]: แสดงความสามารถว่าเราตัดสินได้ดี
an ideal tour for the discerning traveller

the discerning eye/ear (=someone who can make good judgments about art or music)

2 discordant adj

---------1 formal a discordant sound is unpleasant because it is made up of musical notes that do not go together well เสียงที่มันแปลออกมา ไม่เข้าพวก

---------2 literary strange, wrong, or unsuitable in relation to everything around [≠ harmonious]:
The modern decor strikes a discordant note in this old building.

---------3 formal not in agreement: ไม่เห็นด้วย
discordant results from the experiment

3 discredit vt
----------1 to make people stop respecting or trusting someone or something: ทำให้เสื่อมศรัทธาใน
The company's lawyers tried to discredit her testimony.

----------2 to make people stop believing in a particular idea:
His theories have now been discredited.

4 discrepancy n
a difference between two amounts, details, reports etc that should be the same

discrepancy in
Police found discrepancies in the two men's reports.

discrepancy between
There is a large discrepancy between the ideal image of motherhood and the reality.

5 discrete adj
clearly separate:
The change happens in a series of discrete steps.

discretely adv

discreteness noun [uncountable]

6 disingenuous adj formal
not sincere and slightly dishonest [≠ ingenuous]:
Keeping the details of the tax changes vague is disingenuous.
—disingenuously adv

7 disinterested adj
---------1 able to judge a situation fairly because you are not concerned with gaining any personal advantage from it [= objective, impartial, unbiased]:
A lawyer should provide disinterested advice.

---------2 not interested. Many teachers think that this is not correct English [↪ uninterested]
—disinterestedly adv

8 disjointed adj
---------1 something, especially a speech or piece of writing, that is disjointed has parts that do not seem well connected or are not arranged well:
disjointed fragments of information

---------2 a disjointed activity or system is one in which the different parts do not work well together:
Burley was critical of his team's disjointed performance.

9 dismiss v
---------1 to refuse to consider someone's idea, opinion etc, because you think it is not serious, true, or important: ปฏิเสธไม่สนใจ ใส่ใจเพราะคิดว่ามันไม่สำคัญ
The government has dismissed criticisms that the country's health policy is a mess.

dismiss something as something
He just laughed and dismissed my proposal as unrealistic.

It's an idea that shouldn't be dismissed out of hand (=dismissed immediately and completely).

--------2 to remove someone from their job [= fire, sack] ไล่ออก
dismiss somebody from something
Bryant was unfairly dismissed from his post.

dismiss somebody for something
Employees can be dismissed for sending obscene emails.

--------3 formal to tell someone that they are allowed to go, or are no longer needed:
The class was dismissed early today. ถูกยกเลิก

--------4 if a judge dismisses a court case, he or she stops it from continuing: ยกฟ้อง
The case was dismissed owing to lack of evidence.

--------5 to end the innings of a player or team in the game of cricket

10 disparage vt
to criticize someone or something in a way that shows you do not think they are very good or important: วิพากษ์วิจารณ์ว่าไม่ดี
Matcham's theatres were widely disparaged by architects.

disparagement n
disparaging adj
disparagingly adv

1 derivative adj
not new or invented, but copied or taken from something else - used to show disapproval:
---------a derivative text

derivative n
---------1 something that has developed or been produced from something else

derivative of
---------Heroin is a derivative of morphine.

---------2 a type of financial investment:
the derivatives market

2 desiccate
des‧ic‧cat‧ed technical
---------1 desiccated food has been dried in order to preserve it

---------2 completely dry: desiccated soil

3 desultory adj formal
done without any particular plan or purpose:
They talked briefly in a desultory manner.
ทำโดยปราศจากการวางแผนหรือวัตถประสงค์ ประมาณว่าแบบกระทันหัน
—desultorily adverb

4 diatribe formal
a long speech or piece of writing that criticizes someone or something very severely
งานเขียนที่วิจารณ์อะไรซักอย่างแบบรุนแรงมาก (เขียนด่าแรงๆ)
diatribe against
a diatribe against contemporary American civilization

5 dichotomy
the difference between two things or ideas that are completely opposite

dichotomy between
a dichotomy between his public and private lives

6 diffidence adj
shy and not wanting to make people notice you or talk about you
เก็บตัวเงียบไม่ต้องการให้ใครพูดถึงหรือกล่าวถึงเรา
diffident manner/smile/voice etc
diffident about
He was diffident about his own success.

—diffidently adv
—diffidence n [uncountable]

7 diffuse v
---------1 [Vt & Vi] to make heat, light, liquid etc spread through something, or to spread like this
diffuse through/into/across
The pollutants diffuse into the soil.

---------2 [Vt & Vi] to spread ideas or information among a lot of people, or to spread like this:
Their ideas diffused quickly across Europe.

---------3 [Vt] to make a bad feeling or situation less strong or serious:
an attempt to diffuse his anger

—diffusion n [uncountable]

diffuse adj
---------1 spread over a large area:
The organization is large and diffuse.

---------2 using a lot of words and not explaining things clearly and directly:
His writing is diffuse and difficult to understand.

—diffuseness n[uncountable]

8 digress vt
to talk or write about something that is not your main subject:
Do you mind if I digress for a moment?
พูดหรือเขียนออกนอกเรื่อง น้ำท่วงทุ่งผักบุ่งโหลงเหลง
—digression n [uncountable and countable]
After several long digressions he finally reached the interesting part of the story.

9 dirge
---------1 a slow sad song sung at a funeral
เพลงสวดศพ
---------2 a song or piece of music that is too slow and boring

10 disabuse v
to persuade someone that what they believe is not true
ชักจูง/โน้มน้าวใจใครบางคนว่าที่เขาเชื่อมันไม่จริงน่ะ (บอกเค้าว่ามันไม่จริงน่ะ อย่าไปเชื่อเลย)
disabuse somebody of something
I tried to disabuse him of that notion.

1 contention
--------1 [countable] formal a strong opinion that someone expresses

somebody's contention that
Her main contention is that doctors should do more to encourage healthy eating.

--------2 [uncountable] formal argument and disagreement between people

source/area/point of contention
The issue of hunting is a source of contention.

--------3 in contention

having a chance of winning something:
Owen's goal kept England in contention.

--------4 out of contention

no longer having a chance of winning something:
Injury has put him out of contention for the title.

2 contentious adj
-------1 causing a lot of argument and disagreement between people

contentious issue/area/subject etc
Animal welfare did not become a contentious issue until the late 1970s.

-------2 someone who is contentious often argues with people
—contentiously adv

3 conundrum
--------1 a confusing and difficult problem:
the conundrum of our purpose on earth

--------2 a trick question asked for fun [= riddle]

4 conventional
-------1 [only before noun] a conventional method, product, practice etc has been used for a long time and is considered the usual type:
Internet connections through conventional phone lines are fairly slow.
Bake for 20 minutes in a conventional oven; 8 in a microwave.

-------2 always following the behaviour and attitudes that most people in a society consider to be normal, right, and socially acceptable, so that you seem slightly boring:
a strong believer in conventional morals

conventional in
He is conventional in his approach to life.

-------3 (the) conventional wisdom
the opinion that most people consider to be normal and right, but that is sometimes shown to be wrong:
As traffic grew, the conventional wisdom was to widen the roads.

-------4 [only before noun] conventional weapons and wars do not use nuclear explosives or weapons:
conventional forces

-------5 conventional medicine
the usual form of medicine practised in most European and North American countries [= western medicine]
—conventionally adverb
—conventionality noun [uncountable]

5 convoluted
-------1 complicated and difficult to understand:
long paragraphs and convoluted sentences
The argument is rather convoluted.

-------2 formal having many twists and bends:
a tightly-coiled convoluted tube

6 craven
formal completely lacking courage [= cowardly]:
He had a craven fear of flying.
—cravenly adv

7 decorum
formal behaviour that shows respect and is correct for a particular situation, especially a formal occasion:
He was disciplined for breaching the Senate's rules of decorum.

8 deference
polite behaviour that shows that you respect someone and are therefore willing to accept their opinions or judgment

deference to
Lewis was annoyed that Adam did not show enough respect and deference to him.

out of/in deference to something (=because you respect someone's beliefs, opinions etc)
They were married in church out of deference to their parents' wishes.
—deferential adjective:
deferential treatment

—deferentially adverb

9 delineate
--------1 to describe or draw something carefully so that people can understand it:
The document delineates your rights and your obligations.

--------2 to make the borders between two areas very clear:
The boundaries of these areas should be clearly delineated.

—delineation noun [uncountable]

10 denigrate
to say things to make someone or something seem less important or good:
people who denigrate their own country

—denigration noun [uncountable]

1 causality
formal the relationship between a cause and the effect that it has

2 chicanery
[uncountable] formal the use of clever plans or actions to deceive people:
Clearly there is some chicanery going on.

3 coagulate
if a liquid coagulates, or something coagulates it, it becomes thick and almost solid:
The blood had not coagulated.

4 coda
[countable]
1 an additional separate part at the end of a piece of music

2 a separate piece of writing at the end of a work of literature or a speech

5 commensurate
matching something in size, quality, or length of time

commensurate with
Salary will be commensurate with age and experience.

6 compendium
plural compendiums or compendia [countable]
1 formal a book that contains a complete collection of facts, drawings etc on a particular subject:
a cricketing compendium

2 British English -a set of different board games in a box

7 complaisant adj

complaisance [uncountable]
formal willingness to do what pleases other people
complaisantly adv

8 conciliatory
doing something that is intended to make someone stop arguing with you

conciliatory approach/tone/gesture etc
Perhaps you should adopt a more conciliatory approach.
Brooks felt in no mood to be conciliatory.

9 confound v
------1 to confuse and surprise people by being unexpected:
His amazing recovery confounded the medical specialists.

------2 to prove someone or something wrong
confound the critics/pundits/experts etc
United's new striker confounded the critics with his third goal in as many games.

------3 formal to defeat an enemy, plan etc

------4 formal if a problem etc confounds you, you cannot understand it or solve it:
Her question completely confounded me.

------5 confound it/him/them etc old-fashioned
used to show that you are annoyed with someone or something

10 connoisseur
someone who knows a lot about something such as art, food, or music:
a wine connoisseur

connoisseur of
Fry was a connoisseur of Renaissance art.

1 beneficent adj

helping people, or resulting in something good:

the beneficent properties of natural remedies

2 bombastic adj

bombastic language contains long words that sound important but have no real meaning:

He is best known for three rather bombastic poems.

3 boorish adj

boor [countable] = a man who behaves in a very rude way

boorishly adv

4 burgeon

formal to grow or develop quickly:

the burgeoning market for digital cameras

5 burnish formal

1 to polish metal or another substance until it shines

2 to work hard in order to improve something:

He missed no opportunity to burnish his image.


burnished adj

6 buttress v

formal to support a system, idea, argument etc, especially by providing money:

The evidence seemed to buttress their argument.

buttress n.

a brick or stone structure built to support a wall


7 cacophonous adj

ca‧coph‧o‧ny [singular] a loud unpleasant mixture of sounds

cacophony of

a cacophony of car horns

8 capricious

1 likely to change your mind suddenly or behave in an unexpected way:

She was as capricious as her mother had been.

2 literary changing quickly and suddenly:

a capricious wind

capriciously adv

9 castigation n

cast‧i‧gate [transitive]

formal to criticize or punish someone severely
10 catalyst

1 technical a substance that makes a chemical reaction happen more quickly without being changed itself

2 something or someone that causes an important change or event to happen

catalyst for

They hope his election will act as a catalyst for reform.

catalytic adj

1 ascetic adj.

living without any physical pleasures or comforts, especially for religious reasons:
an ascetic life

2 assiduous adj.

very careful to make sure that something is done properly or completely
[= meticulous]

assiduous in

He was assiduous in his attendance at church.
Even young children worked assiduously for a reward.

assiduity n.

3 assuage literary

to make an unpleasant feeling less painful or severe [= relieve]:
Nothing could assuage his guilt.

4 attenuate formal

to make something weaker or less:
an attenuated form of the polio virus

5 audacious

showing great courage or confidence in a way that is impressive or slightly shocking:
the risks involved in such an audacious operation

6 austere adj.

1 plain and simple and without any decoration:
the church's austere simplicity

2 someone who is austere is very strict and serious - used to show disapproval:
Her father is a very austere man.

3 an austere way of life is very simple and has few things to make it comfortable or enjoyable:
Cuthbert led an austere life of prayer and solitude.

7 autonomous

1 an autonomous place or organization is free to govern or control itself
[= independent]

an autonomous region/state/republic etc
Galicia is an autonomous region of Spain.

2 formal having the ability to work and make decisions by yourself without any help from anyone else [= independent]

8 aver past tense and past participle averred, present participle averring

formal
to say something firmly and strongly because you are sure that it is true [= declare]

9 banal

ordinary and not interesting, because of a lack of new or different ideas
[= trivial]:
conversations about the most banal subjects

banality n.

10 belie past tense and past participle belied, present participle belying

1 to give someone a false idea about something:
Her pleasant manner belied her true character.

2 to show that something cannot be true or real:
His cheerful smile belied his words.

11 ambivalence
not sure whether you want or like something or not
We are both somewhat ambivalent about having a child.

12 ameliorate
formal to make a bad situation better or less harmful [= improve]:
It is not clear what can be done to ameliorate the situation.

13 anachronism
1 someone or something that seems to belong to the past, not the present: The monarchy is something of an anachronism these days.

2 something in a play, film etc that seems wrong because it did not exist in the period of history in which the play etc is set:
The film is full of anachronisms.

14 analogous
formal similar to another situation or thing so that a comparison can be made
analogous to/with
The report's findings are analogous with our own.

15 anomalous
formal different from what you expected to find:
a highly anomalous situation
anomalous results

16 antipathy
formal a feeling of strong dislike towards someone or something
antipathy to/towards
a growing antipathy towards the government
antipathy between
There's always been a certain amount of antipathy between the two doctors.

17 apprise
formal to tell or give someone information about something
The district chairman was fully apprised of all the details.

18 approbation
formal official praise or approval

19 appropriate v
1 to take something for yourself when you do not have the right to do this [= steal]:
He is suspected of appropriating government funds.

2 to take something, especially money, to use for a particular purpose
appropriate something for something
Congress appropriated $5 million for International Woman's Year.

appropriate adj
correct or suitable for a particular time, situation, or purpose [≠ inappropriate]

appropriate for
clothes appropriate for a job interview

appropriate to
an education system which is more appropriate to the needs of the students

it is appropriate (for somebody) to do something
It would not be appropriate for me to discuss that now.

it is appropriate (that)
It seemed somehow appropriate that we should begin our journey here.

appropriate time/place etc
I didn't feel that this was an appropriate time to mention the subject of money.

highly/entirely/wholly appropriate
I thought his remark was highly appropriate, given the circumstances.
The timing of the announcement was particularly appropriate .
Where appropriate, I delegate as much work as possible.
Mark box 1 or 2, as appropriate.
I can assure you that appropriate action will be taken.

—appropriately adverb:
The painters met, appropriately enough, in an art gallery (=used to emphasize that something is very appropriate).
appropriately dressed

—appropriateness noun

20 artless
1 literary natural, honest, and sincere:
artless sincerity

2 formal made or done without any skill:
an artless copy of European art
artlessly adj
artlessness n

300 Absolutely Essential GRE words

1. aberrant = adj not usual or normal [=abnormal]

2. abeyance = n. in abeyance something such as a custom, rule, or system that is in abeyance is not being used at the present time
fall into abeyance (=no longer be used)

3. abscond = [intransitive] formal
1 to escape from a place where you are being kept
The boy absconded from a children's home.

2 to secretly leave somewhere, taking with you something that does not belong to you
He has to convince a judge that he wasn't going to abscond with the money.

4. abstemious = adj careful not to have too much food, drink etc
abstemiousness noun [uncountable]

5. admonish = [transitive] formal to tell someone severely that they have done something wrong
admonish somebody for (doing) something
The witness was admonished for failing to answer the question. admonishment noun [countable]

6. aesthetic = adj connected with beauty and the study of beauty:
From an esthetic point of view, it's a nice design.
a work of great aesthetic appeal
aesthetically adj aesthetically pleasing

7. aggregate = n, v, adj
1 the total after a lot of different figures or points have been added together
aggregate of
The smaller minorities got an aggregate of 1,327 votes.
In the aggregate (=as a group or in total), women outlive men by 7 or more years.
on aggregate British English (=when the points from two football games are added together)
Manchester United won 2-1 on aggregate.

2 [singular, uncountable]
technical sand or small stones that are used in making concrete

8. alacrity = UCN formal quickness and eagerness
with alacrity
She accepted with alacrity.

9. amalgamate=if two organizations amalgamate, or if one amalgamates with another, they join and make one big organization [= merge]
amalgamate something with/into/under something
The agency is expected to amalgamate with the National Rivers Authority.

10. ambiguous = something that is ambiguous is unclear, confusing, or not certain, especially because it can be understood in more than one way [≠ unambiguous]:
His role in the affair is ambiguous.
The language in the Minister's statement is highly ambiguous.

ambiguously adv
The legislation had been ambiguously worded.

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