1 viable adj
1 a viable idea, plan, or method can work successfully
viable alternative/proposition/option etc
The committee came forward with one viable solution.
economically/commercially/financially viable
Will a hotel here be financially viable?

2 technical : able to continue to live or to develop into a living thing:
viable seeds
—viably adverb
—viability noun [uncountable]
the long-term economic viability of the company

2 viscous adj
technical : a viscous liquid is thick and sticky and does not flow easily:
As the liquid cools, it becomes viscous.
—viscosity noun [uncountable]

3 vituperative adj
full of angry and cruel criticism [= vicious]:
vituperative comments

4 volatile

5 warranted

6 wary adj
someone who is wary is careful because they think something might be dangerous or harmful

7 welter n
a welter of something
a large and confusing amount or number of something:
There is a welter of information on the subject.

8 whimsical adj
unusual or strange and often amusing:
He has a wonderful whimsical sense of humour.
—whimsically adverb

9 zealot n
someone who has extremely strong beliefs, especially religious or political beliefs, and is too eager to make other people share them:
religious zealots

—zealotry noun [uncountable]

1 tirade n
a long angry speech criticizing someone or something
tirade against
He launched into a tirade against the church.
tirade of
a tirade of abuse

2 torpor n
formal : a state of being not active because you are lazy or sleepy:
She tried to rouse him from the torpor into which he had sunk.

3 tortuous adj
1 a tortuous path, stream, road etc has a lot of bends in it and is therefore difficult to travel along:
a tortuous path over the mountains to Kandahar

2 complicated and long and therefore confusing:
The book begins with a long, tortuous introduction.
—tortuously adverb

4 tractable adj
easy to control or deal with [≠ intractable]:
The issues have proved to be less tractable than expected.
—tractability noun [uncountable]

5 transgression
transgress [intransitive and transitive] formal
to do something that is against the rules of social behaviour or against a moral principle:
Orton's plays transgress accepted social norms.
—transgressor noun [countable]
—transgression noun [uncountable and countable]

6 truculence adj
truculent : literary : bad-tempered and always willing to argue with people:
a truculent attitude
—truculently adverb
—truculence noun [uncountable]

7 vacillate v
to continue to change your opinions, decisions, ideas etc [= waver]
vacillate between
Her parents vacillated between different approaches to discipline.
—vacillation noun [uncountable and countable]

8 venerate v
to honour or respect someone or something because they are old, holy, or connected with the past:
a symbol of Arab courage, to be venerated for generations
venerate somebody as something
These children are venerated as holy beings.
—veneration noun [uncountable]
The sun was an object of veneration.

9 veracious
veracity [uncountable] formal
the fact of being true or correct [= truth]
veracity of
Has anyone checked the veracity of these allegations?

voracious
1eating or wanting large quantities of food:
Pigs are voracious feeders.
Kids can have voracious appetites.

10 verbose adj
using or containing too many words:
For once, his usually verbose wife was content to listen.
Legal writing is often unclear and verbose.
—verbosely adverb
—verbosity noun [uncountable]

1 stolid adj
someone who is stolid does not react to situations or seem excited by them when most people would react - used to show disapproval [= impassive]
—stolidly adverb

2 striated adj
technical : having narrow lines or bands of colour [= striped]
striation noun [countable usually plural]

3 strut n
1 [countable] a long thin piece of metal or wood used to support a part of a building, the wing of an aircraft etc
2 [singular] a proud way of walking, with your head high and your chest pushed forwards

strut v
1 to walk proudly with your head high and your chest pushed forwards, showing that you think you are important
strut around/about/across etc
I strutted around Chicago as if I were really somebody.

2 strut your stuff : informal : to show your skill at doing something, especially dancing or performing:
The band strutted their stuff in a free concert.

4 subpoena n ,v (LAW)
a written order to come to a court of law and be a witness
to order someone to come to a court of law and be a witness:
James was subpoenaed as a witness.

5 substantiate v
to prove the truth of something that someone has said, claimed etc:
Katzen offered little evidence to substantiate his claims.
substantiation noun [uncountable]

6 supersede v
if a new idea, product, or method supersedes another one, it becomes used instead because it is more modern or effective [= replace]:
Their map has since been superseded by photographic atlases.

7 supposition n
something that you think is true, even though you are not certain and cannot prove it:
His version of events is pure supposition.
supposition (that)
The police are acting on the supposition that she took the money

8 tacit adj
tacit agreement, approval, support etc is given without anything actually being said:
a tacit agreement between the three big companies
—tacitly adverb

9 tangential adj
formal : tangential information, remarks etc are only related to a particular subject in an indirect way
tangential to
The matter you raise is rather tangential to this discussion.
—tangentially adverb

10 tenuous adj
1 a situation or relationship that is tenuous is uncertain, weak, or likely to change:
For now, the band's travel plans are tenuous.

tenuous link/connection etc
The United Peace Alliance had only a tenuous connection with the organized Labour movement.
The link between her family and the King's is rather tenuous.
2 literary : very thin and easily broken
—tenuously adverb

1 shard n
shard also sherd [countable]
a sharp piece of broken glass, metal etc
shard of
a shard of pottery

2 skeptic (AME) n sceptic (ENG)
a person who disagrees with particular claims and statements, especially those that are generally thought to be true:
Sceptics argued that the rise in prices was temporary.

3 solicitous adj
very concerned about someone's safety, health, or comfort

—solicitously adverb
—solicitousness noun [uncountable]

4 soporific adj
making you feel ready to sleep:
His voice had an almost soporific effect.

5 specious adj
seeming to be true or correct, but actually false:
a specious argument

6 spectrum

7 sporadic

8 stigma n
a strong feeling in society that being in a particular situation or having a particular illness is something to be ashamed of

There is a social stigma attached to single parenthood.
In the US, smoking carries a stigma.

2 [countable] technical : the top of the centre part of a flower that receives the pollen which allows it to form new seeds

9 stint n ,v
a period of time spent doing a particular job or activity
stint in/at
Mark did a two-year stint in the army.
stint as
his stint as chairman

10 stipulate v
if an agreement, law, or rule stipulates something, it must be done [= state]:
Laws stipulate the maximum interest rate that banks can charge.

stipulate that
The regulations stipulate that everything has to comply to the relevant safety standards.

1 rescind vt (GOV) (LAW)
to officially end a law, or change a decision or agreement

2 resolution

3 reticent adj
unwilling to talk about what you feel or what you know [= reserved]
reticent about
She's strangely reticent about her son.
—reticence noun [uncountable]

4 reverent adj
showing a lot of respect and admiration [≠ irreverent]:
a hushed reverent voice
—reverently adverb

5 sage adj
literary : very wise, especially as a result of a lot of experience:
sage advice
—sagely adverb

6 salubrious adj
a salubrious area or place is pleasant and clean, especially compared to other places - often used humorously:
the less salubrious area near the docks

7 sanction n (GOV)
1 sanctions[plural] : official orders or laws stopping trade, communication etc with another country, as a way of forcing its leaders to make political changes
sanctions against
US sanctions against Cuba

2 formal : official permission, approval, or acceptance:
Apparently, the aide had acted without White House sanction.

sanction v
to officially accept or allow something [= approve]:
The church refused to sanction the king's second marriage.
a barbaric custom, but one sanctioned by long usage

8 satiate v
[transitive usually passive]
literary : to satisfy a desire or need for something such as food or sex, especially so that you feel you have had too much

—satiated adjective
—satiation noun [uncountable]

9 saturate

10 secret

1 rarefied [usually before noun]
1 a rarefied place, organization, or type of activity is only available to or understood by a small group of people - used to show disapproval:
the rarefied atmosphere of academia
2 rarefied air is the air in high places, which has less oxygen than usual

2 recalcitrant adj
refusing to do what you are told to do, even after you have been punished [= unruly]:
a recalcitrant pupil
—recalcitrance noun [uncountable]

3 recant (religion) v
to say publicly that you no longer have a political or religious belief that you had before
recantation noun [uncountable and countable]

4 recondite adj
recondite facts or subjects are not known about or understood by many people [= obscure]

5 refractory adj
1 formal : deliberately not obeying someone in authority and being difficult to deal with or control [= unruly]
2 medical : a refractory disease or illness is hard to treat or cure


deliberate = intended or planned [≠ unintentional; = intentional]:
relevant = directly relate

6 refute v
1 to prove that a statement or idea is not correct [= rebut]
refute a hypothesis/a claim/an idea etc
an attempt to refute Darwin's theories

2 to say that a statement is wrong or unfair [= deny]
refute an allegation/a suggestion etc
She refuted any allegations of malpractice.


—refutable adjective
—refutation noun [uncountable and countable]

7 relegate v (sport)
to give someone or something a less important position than before
Women tended to be relegated to typing and filing jobs.

2 British English : if a sports team is relegated, it is moved into a lower division [≠ promote]
We were relegated to the Fourth Division last year.

—relegation noun [uncountable]

8 reproach n
1 [uncountable] criticism, blame, or disapproval:
'You don't need me,' she said quietly, without reproach.

2 [countable] a remark that expresses criticism, blame, or disapproval:
He argued that the reproaches were unfair.

3 above/beyond reproach impossible to criticize [= perfect]:
His behaviour throughout this affair has been beyond reproach.

4 a reproach to somebody/something
something that should make a person, society etc feel bad or ashamed:
These derelict houses are a reproach to the city.

9 reprobate n
someone who behaves in an immoral way - often used humorously
—reprobate adjective

10 repudiate v
to refuse to accept or continue with something [= reject]:
He repudiated all offers of friendship.

2 to state or show that something is not true or correct:
The book repudiates the racist stereotypes about black women.
—repudiation noun [uncountable]

stereotype =a belief or idea of what a particular type of person or thing is like
the stereotypical Californian - tall, fit, and tanned

1 prodigal adj [usually before noun] or n
1 prodigal son/daughter someone who leaves their family and home without the approval of their family, but who is sorry later and returns 2
2 spending money, wasting time etc in a careless way [= extravagant]:
a prodigal lifestyle

2 proliferate

3 propensity n
a natural tendency to behave in a particular way
the male propensity to fight
He seems to have a propensity for breaking things.

4 propitiate v
to make someone who has been unfriendly or angry with you feel more friendly by doing something to please them [= appease]
—propitiation noun [uncountable]

5 propriety n
correctness of social or moral behaviour [≠ impropriety]
They discussed the propriety of treating ill children against the wishes of the parents.
They conducted themselves with propriety.

2 the proprieties especially British English the accepted rules of correct social behaviour:
strict in observing the proprieties

6 proscribe v (LAW)
to officially say that something is not allowed to exist or be done [= forbid, prohibit]:
The Act proscribes discrimination on the grounds of race.
proscription noun [uncountable and countable]

7 pungent adj
1 having a strong taste or smell
the pungent odour of garlic

2 formal : pungent speech or writing is clever and direct, and usually criticizes someone or something strongly:
He expressed some fairly pungent criticisms.

—pungently adverb
—pungency noun [uncountable]

8 qualified

9 quibble n
a small complaint or criticism about something unimportant:
I've just got a few minor quibbles

quibble v
to argue about small unimportant details
quibble about/over
Let's not quibble over minor details.

10 quiescent adj
not developing or doing anything, especially when this is only a temporary state

1 plummet v
plummet also plummet down [intransitive]
1 to suddenly and quickly decrease in value or amount [= plunge]
House prices have plummeted down.
Profits plummeted from £49 million to £11 million.

2 pragmatic adj
dealing with problems in a sensible, practical way instead of strictly following a set of ideas [↪ dogmatic]:
Williams took a more pragmatic approach to management problems.

3 precarious adj
1 a precarious situation or state is one which may very easily or quickly become worse:
Her health remained precarious, despite the treatment.
2 likely to fall, or likely to cause someone to fall:
a precarious mountain trail
—precariously adverb:
a cup of tea balanced precariously on her knee

4 precipitate

5 precursor

6 presumptuous adj
doing something that you have no right to do and that seems rude
Would it be presumptuous of me to ask why you are so miserable?

7 prevaricate v
to try to hide the truth by not answering questions directly:
'I'm not sure,' he prevaricated.

8 pristine adj
1 extremely fresh or clean:
a pristine white shirt

2 something that is pristine is in the same condition as when it was first made:
The car has been restored to pristine condition.

3 not spoiled or damaged in any way:
pristine African rainforest

9 probity n
complete honesty:
I have always found Bentner to be a model of probity in our dealings.

10 problematic
involving problems and difficult to deal with:

1 perfidious adj
literary : someone who is perfidious is not loyal and cannot be trusted [= treacherous]

2 perfunctory adj
a perfunctory action is done quickly, and is only done because people expect it
She gave him a perfunctory smile.

3 permeable

4 pervasive adj
existing everywhere:
the pervasive influence of television

5 phlegmatic adj
calm and not easily excited or worried:
The taxi driver, a phlegmatic man in middle age, showed no surprise at this request.

6 piety n
when you behave in a way that shows respect for your religion [↪ pious]:
an act of Christian piety

7 placate v
to make someone stop feeling angry [= appease]:
These changes did little to placate the unions.
—placatory adjective:
a placatory smile

8 plasticity

9 platitude n
a statement that has been made many times before and is not interesting or clever - used to show disapproval:
His excuse was the platitude 'boys will be boys.'
—platitudinous adjective

10 plethora n
a plethora of something :formal :
a very large number of something, usually more than you need:
a plethora of suggestions

1 oscillate v
to keep changing between two extreme amounts or limits:
The stock market is oscillating wildly at the moment.

2 ostentatious adj
1 something that is ostentatious looks very expensive and is designed to make people think that its owner must be very rich:
She carried her car keys on an ostentatious gold key ring.

2 someone who is ostentatious likes to show everyone how rich they are:
He was vain and ostentatious.

3 paragon n
someone who is perfect or is extremely brave, good etc - often used humorously
paragon of
a paragon of virtue

4 partisan adj
1 strongly supporting a particular political party, plan or leader, usually without considering the other choices carefully:
British newspapers are highly partisan.

2 relating to the fighting of an armed group against an enemy that has taken control of its country:

5 pathological

6 paucity n
less than is needed of something [= lack]
paucity of
a paucity of information

7 pedantic adj
paying too much attention to rules or to small unimportant details
pedantic about
Some people can be very pedantic about punctuation.

8 penchant n
a/somebody's penchant for something
if you have a penchant for something, you like that thing very much and try to do it or have it often:
a penchant for fast cars

9 penury n
the state of being very poor [= poverty]:
He died in penury in 1644.
penurious adjective

10 perennial adj (plant)
1 continuing or existing for a long time, or happening again and again:
Lack of resources has been a perennial problem since the beginning.
Teddy bears are a perennial favorite with children.

2 a plant that is perennial lives for more than two years [↪ annual]

1 mundane adj
1 ordinary and not interesting or exciting [= boring]:
Initially, the work was pretty mundane.

2 literary : concerned with ordinary daily life rather than religious matters [= worldly]

2 negate v
1 to prevent something from having any effect:
Efforts to expand the tourist industry could be negated by reports that the sea is highly polluted.

2 to state that something does not exist or is untrue [= deny]

3 neophyte n
1 someone who has just started to learn a particular skill, art, job etc
2 a new member of a religious group

4 obdurate adj
very determined not to change your beliefs, actions, or feelings, in a way that seems unreasonable [= stubborn]:
They argued, but he remained obdurate.

—obduracy noun [uncountable]
—obdurately adverb

5 obsequious adj
very eager to please or agree with people who are powerful - used in order to show disapproval [= servile]:

6 obviate v
to prevent or avoid a problem or the need to do something [= eliminate]:
The new treatment obviates the need for surgery.

7 occlude ปิด อุด

8 officious adj
too eager to tell people what to do - used to show disapproval:
an officious traffic warden

9 onerous adj
work or a responsibility that is onerous is difficult and worrying or makes you tired:
an onerous task

10 opprobrium n
strong criticism or disapproval, especially expressed publicly

1 malingerer n
malinger -to avoid work by pretending to be ill:
He accused Frank of malingering.

2 malleable adj
1 technical something that is malleable is easy to press or pull into a new shape:
malleable steel
2 someone who is malleable can be easily influenced or changed by other people:
a malleable child

3 maverick n
an unusual person who has different ideas and ways of behaving from other people, and is often very successful:
He's always been a bit of a maverick.
—maverick adjective [only before noun]
a maverick detective

4 mendacious adj
not truthful:
mendacious propaganda
—mendaciously adverb

5 metamorphosis

6 meticulous adj
very careful about small details, and always making sure that everything is done correctly:
He kept meticulous accounts.
Their planning and preparation were meticulous.
He cleaned the tools with meticulous care.
The book describes his journey in meticulous detail.

meticulous in
He was meticulous in his use of words.

meticulous about
He has always been so meticulous about his appearance.

meticulously adverb:
The attack was meticulously planned and executed.

7 misanthrope
someone who does not like other people and prefers to be alone
misanthropist also misanthrope [countable]

—misanthropic adjective
—misanthropy noun [uncountable]

8 mitigate v
to make a situation or the effects of something less unpleasant, harmful, or serious [= alleviate]:
Measures need to be taken to mitigate the environmental effects of burning more coal

9 mollify v
to make someone feel less angry and upset about something [= placate]:
He attempted to mollify her.
Nature reserves were set up around new power stations to mollify local conservationists.

10 morose adj
bad-tempered, unhappy, and silent:
Daniel seems very morose and gloomy.

—morosely adverb:
He stared morosely at the floor.
—moroseness noun [uncountable]

1 laconic adj
using only a few words to say something

2 lassitude n
tiredness and lack of energy or interest [= weariness]

3 laud v
to praise someone or something

4 lethargic

5 levee n
a special wall built to stop a river flooding

6 levity n
lack of respect or seriousness when you are dealing with something serious [≠ gravity]

7 log
1 to make an official record of events, facts etc
All phone calls are logged.
2 to travel a particular distance or for a particular length of time, especially in a plane or ship:
The pilot has logged 1200 flying hours.
3 to cut down trees

log in/on phrasal verb
to do the necessary actions on a computer system that will allow you to begin using it
log off/out phrasal verb
to stop using a computer system by giving it particular instructions

8 loquacious adj
a loquacious person likes to talk a lot [= talkative]

9 lucid adj
1 expressed in a way that is clear and easy to understand:
You must write in a clear and lucid style.
2 able to understand and think clearly, used especially about someone who is not always able to do this:
In her more lucid moments the old lady would talk about her past.


—lucidly adverb:
He was lucidly aware of political realities.
—lucidity noun [uncountable]

10 magnanimity n
kind and generous, especially to someone that you have defeated:
magnanimously adverb
magnanimous adj

1 insinuate
1 to say something which seems to mean something unpleasant without saying it openly, especially suggesting that someone is being dishonest [= imply]
Are you insinuating that the money was stolen
What are you trying to insinuate?

2 formal : to gradually gain someone's love, trust etc by pretending to be friendly and sincere:
He managed to insinuate his way into her affections.

2 insipid
1food or drink that is insipid does not have much taste [= bland]:
an insipid pasta dish

2 not interesting, exciting, or attractive:
insipid colours

—insipidly adverb
—insipidness, insipidity noun [uncountable]

3 insularity
insular
1 interested in your own group, country, way of life etc and no others - used to show disapproval [↪ parochial]:
the insular world of the law
2 formal : relating to or like an island

insularity noun [uncountable]

4 intractable
1 an intractable problem is very difficult to deal with or solve:
the seemingly intractable problem of human greed

5 intransigence
unwilling to change your ideas or behaviour, in a way that seems unreasonable [= stubborn]:
an intransigent attitude
intransigence noun [uncountable]
He accused the government of intransigence.

6 inundate
1 be inundated (with/by something)to receive so much of something that you cannot easily deal with it all [= swamp]:
After the broadcast, we were inundated with requests for more information.

2 formal :to cover an area with a large amount of water [= flood]:
The tidal wave inundated vast areas of cropland.

inundation noun [uncountable and countable]

7 inured
inure somebody to something phrasal verb
to make someone become used to something unpleasant, so that they are no longer upset by it:
Nurses soon become inured to the sight of suffering.

8 invective
rude and insulting words that someone says when they are very angry:
He let out a stream of invective.

9 irascible written
easily becoming angry:
an irascible old man

10 irresolute
unable to decide what to do [= uncertain; ≠ resolute]
irresolution noun [uncountable]

1 inconsequential
not important [= insignificant]:
inconsequential but amusing chatter

2 incorporate
to include something as part of a group, system, plan etc
incorporate something into/in something
We've incorporated many environmentally-friendly features into the design of the building.
Our original proposals were not incorporated in the new legislation.

3 indeterminate
impossible to know about definitely or exactly:
a girl of indeterminate age

4 indigence

indigent ---very poor
indigenous--- indigenous people or things have always been in the place where they are, rather than being brought there from somewhere else [= native]
indigenous to
Blueberries are indigenous to America.
the many indigenous cultures which existed in Siberia

5 indolent
lazy

6 inert

7 ingenuous
an ingenuous person is simple, trusting, and honest, especially because they have not had much experience of life [↪ disingenuous]

8 inherent
a quality that is inherent in something is a natural part of it and cannot be separated from it

9 innocuous
not offensive, dangerous, or harmful:
an innocuous remark
He's a perfectly innocuous young man.

10 insensible
1 not knowing about something that could happen to you [= unaware]
insensible of
She remained insensible of the dangers that lay ahead.

1 impede
to make it difficult for someone or something to move forward or make progress:
Storms at sea impeded our progress.

2 impermeable
not allowing liquids or gases to pass through [≠ permeable]:
No paint is impermeable to water vapour

3 imperturbable
remaining calm and unworried in spite of problems or difficulties

4 impervious[not before noun]
1 formal not affected or influenced by something and seeming not to notice it
impervious to
His ego was impervious to self-doubt.

2 technical : not allowing anything to enter or pass through:
impervious volcanic rock

impervious to

materials that are impervious to water

5 implacable
very determined to continue opposing someone or something:
implacable enemies
The government faces implacable opposition on the issue of nuclear waste.

6 implicit
1 suggested or understood without being stated directly [≠ explicit]
implicit criticism/threat/assumption
Her words contained an implicit threat.
His statement is being seen as implicit criticism of the work of research laboratories.

7 implode
1 technical : to explode inwards [≠ explode]:
The windows on both sides of the room had imploded.

2 written : if an organization or system implodes, it fails suddenly, often because of faults that it has [= collapse]:
Most nations learned their lesson during the 1930s when trade imploded and incomes plunged.

8 inadvertently
without realizing what you are doing [= accidentally]:
Viruses can be spread inadvertently by email users.
Robinson's name was inadvertently omitted from the list.

—inadvertent adjective:
inadvertent exposure to chemicals
—inadvertence noun [uncountable]

9 inchoate
inchoate ideas, plans, attitudes etc are only just starting to develop

10 incongruity
the fact that something is strange, unusual, or unsuitable in a particular situation:
The incongruity of her situation struck Gina with unpleasant force.
incongruity between
He didn't see the slightest incongruity between the idealism of his plays and his own morals.

1 guileless
behaving in an honest way, without trying to hide anything or deceive people [= open]

2 gullible
too ready to believe what other people tell you, so that you are easily tricked:
Plastic replicas of the Greek pottery are sold to gullible tourists.

3 harangue
to speak in a loud angry way, often for a long time, in order to criticize someone or to persuade them that you are right

4 homogeneous

5 hyperbole
a way of describing something by saying it is much bigger, smaller, worse etc than it actually is [= exaggeration]:

6 iconoclastic
iconoclastic ideas, opinions, writings etc attack established beliefs and customs:
Wolfe's theories were revolutionary and iconoclastic.

7 idolatry
1the practice of worshipping idols
2 when you admire someone or something too much

—idolatrous adjective

8 immutable
never changing or impossible to change:
This decision should not be seen as immutable.

9 impair

10 impassive
not showing any emotion:
Her impassive face showed no reaction at all.

1 flout
to deliberately disobey a law, rule etc, without trying to hide what you are doing:
Some companies flout the rules and employ children as young as seven

2 foment foment revolution/trouble/discord
to cause trouble and make people start fighting each other or opposing the government [= stir up]:
They were accused of fomenting rebellion.

3 forestall
to prevent something from happening or prevent someone from doing something by doing something first:
a measure intended to forestall further attacks

4 frugality
frugal 1 careful to buy only what is necessary [≠ extravagant]:
As children we were taught to be frugal and hard-working.
2 a frugal meal is a small meal of plain food [= simple; ≠ extravagant]:
a frugal breakfast

—frugally adverb
—frugality noun [uncountable]

5 gainsay
to say that something is not true, or to disagree with someone [= contradict]:
No one dared to gainsay him.

6 garrulous
always talking a lot [= talkative]:
Ian isn't normally this garrulous!

—garrulously adverb
—garrulousness noun [uncountable]

7 goad
1 to make someone do something by annoying or encouraging them until they do it [↪ provoke]
goad somebody into (doing) something
Kathy goaded him into telling her what he had done.
goad somebody on
They goaded him on with insults.

2to push animals ahead of you with a sharp stick

8 gouge
to make a deep hole or cut in the surface of something:
He took a knife and gouged a hole in the bottom of the boat.

9 grandiloquent
using words that are too long and formal in order to sound important [= pompous]
—grandiloquence noun [uncountable]

10 gregarious
1 friendly and preferring to be with other people [= sociable; ≠ solitary]
2 technical : gregarious animals tend to live in a group [≠ solitary]

—gregariously adverb
—gregariousness noun [uncountable]

1 exigency = demand
the things you must do in order to deal with a difficult or urgent situation

2 extraneous = irrelevant
---------1 not belonging to or directly related to a particular subject or problem [irrelevant]
Such details are extraneous to the matter in hand.
---------2coming from outside:
extraneous noises

3 facetious adj
saying things that are intended to be clever and funny but are really silly and annoying:
Don't be so facetious!
facetious comments

4 facilitate v
to make it easier for a process or activity to happen:
Computers can be used to facilitate language learning

5 fallacious
containing or based on false ideas:
Such an argument is misleading, if not wholly fallacious.

6 fatuous
very silly or stupid [= idiotic]
fatuous questions

7 fawning
fawn - a young deer
fawn - having a pale yellow-brown colour

to praise someone and be friendly to them in an insincere way, because you want them to like you or give you something
I refused to fawn over her or flatter her

8 felicitous
well-chosen and suitable
a felicitous choice of candidate

9 flag
to make a mark against some information to show that it is important:
I've flagged the parts I want to comment on.

to become tired or weak:
By the end of the meeting we had begun to flag.

to make the driver of a vehicle stop by waving at them:
I flagged down a taxi.

10 fledgling
a young bird that is learning to fly

a fledgling state or organization has only recently been formed and is still developing [↪ infant]:
a fledgling republic

1 enervate v
to make you feel tired and weak:
The hot sun enervated her to the point of collapse.
—enervated adj [not before noun]
David felt too enervated to resist.
—enervating adj

2 engender v เป็นบ่อเหตุ
to be the cause of a situation or feeling:
the changes in society engendered by the war
engender something in somebody
relationships that engender trust in children

3 ephemeral adj
existing or popular for only a short time:
Fashion is by nature ephemeral.

4 equanimity n
calmness in the way that you react to things, which means that you do not become upset or annoyed:
He received the news with surprising equanimity.

5 equivocate v
to avoid giving a clear or direct answer to a question
—equivocation n

6 erudite adj
showing a lot of knowledge based on careful study [= learned]
—eruditely adv
—erudition n

7 esoteric adj
known and understood by only a few people who have special knowledge about something:
the esoteric world of scientific supercomputing
—esoterically adv

8 eulogy n literature / death
a speech or piece of writing in which you praise someone or something very much, especially at a funeral:
The minister delivered a long eulogy.

9 euphemism n
a polite word or expression that you use instead of a more direct one to avoid shocking or upsetting someone:
'Pass away' is a euphemism for 'die'.

10 exacerbate v มันแย่อยู่แล้วก็ทำให้แย่กว่าเก่า
to make a bad situation worse:
The recession has exacerbated this problem.
I don't want to exacerbate the situation.
—exacerbation n

11 exculpate v LAW
to prove that someone is not guilty of something

1 ebullient adj
very happy and excited:
My father is a naturally ebullient personality.
—ebullience n

2 eclectic adj
including a mixture of many different things or people, especially so that you can use the best of all of them:
galleries with an eclectic range of styles and artists
an eclectic mixture of 18th and 19th century furniture
—eclectically adv
—eclecticism n

3 efficacy n
the ability of something to produce the right result [= effectiveness]

4 effrontery n ประมาณหน้าด้านไม่อายกล้าทำเนอะ
rude behaviour that shocks you because it is so confident

have the effrontery to do something
She had the effrontery to ask me for more money.

5 elegy n
a sad poem or song, especially about someone who has died [↪ eulogy]

6 elicit v
to succeed in getting information or a reaction from someone, especially when this is difficult:
When her knock elicited no response, she opened the door and peeped in.
elicit something from somebody
The test uses pictures to elicit words from the child.
—elicitation n

7 embellish v
1 to make something more beautiful by adding decorations to it
embellish something with something
The dress was embellished with gold threads.

2 to make a story or statement more interesting by adding details that are not true:
She gave an embellished account of what had happened.
—embellishment n

8 empirical adj
based on scientific testing or practical experience, not on ideas [≠ theoretical, hypothetical]:
empirical evidence
—empirically adv

9 emulate v
to do something or behave in the same way as someone else, especially because you admire them [= imitate]:
He hoped to emulate the success of Wilder.

10 endemic adj
an endemic disease or problem is always present in a particular place, or among a particular group of people [↪ epidemic, pandemic]:
Violent crime is now endemic in parts of Chicago.